Hershey and Tootsie Financial Sheet Evaluation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 351 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/09/19 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Level High school Did you like this example? Tootsie Roll Industries Ratios (pg 732) The Hershey Company Ratio Interpretation and comparison between the two companies ratios Earnings per Share Current Ratio Hershey had net sales close to ten times those of (4,946,716 (51,625 Earnings / Tootsie Roll, however their outstanding shares were Earnings / 492,753 54,296 Outstanding also an order of magnitude greater than those of Outstanding Shares) = $0. 95 Tootsie Roll. Although earnings are greater for Shares) = $0. 96 Hershey, the EPS indicates that Tootsie Roll is as effective at providing value per share as Hershey. Tootsie Rolls ability to pay liabilities should it have to liquidate assets is 3. 92 times as great as that of Hershey. Hersheys ratio is less than one which indicates it has more current liabilites than current ($1,426,574 assets. Should Hershey have to liquidate, it would not ( $199,726 Current Current Assets / $1,618,770 be able to pay off all of its current dates. Tootsie Assets / $57,972 Current Liabil ities) = Current Liabilities ) Rolls ability to pay debt is much greater than that of 3. 45 = 0. 88 Hershey. $497,717 Sales $327,695 COGS)/ $492,742 Sales = $168,673 Gross Profit/ $497,717 Net Sales = 33. 89% ( 4,946,716 Sales 3,315,147 COGS)/ $4,946,716 Sales = $1,631,569 Gross Profit/$4,946,716 = 32. 98% Gross Profit Rate (pg 241) Both companies have similar gross profit margins which indicates that neither business can leverage its size to boost the bottom line. This calculation is not as valuable to the investor as the profit margin ratio. Tootsie Rolls ability to keep its overhead low allows the company to retain a proportionally larger amount of profits versus sales. Hersheys profit argin ratio is ( $214,154 Gross half of that of Tootsie Rolls. This indicates that ( $51,625 Gross Profit / $4,946,716 despite Hersheys far greater sales, the companys Profit / $497,717 Profit Margin Net Sales) x 100 = Net Sales) x 100 = overhead prevents it from retaining more of its revenue. 4. 3 3 Ratio (pg 244) 10. 37% ( $3,315,147 Product ($327,695 Product COGS)/(($600,185 COGS)/(($121,359)/ + $648,820 )/2 Inventory turnover time is similar for both companies, Average 2) Average Inventory)=$3,315, although Hershey turns over a far greater quantity of Inventory) = $327,695/$60,679. 47/$624,502. 50= inventory per year. Both comapanies are roughly as Inventory efficient at turning over their product as the other. 5. 31 Turnover Ratio 50 = 5. 40 On average, both companies will hold on to their inventory for roughly the same amount of time. Both days in 365 days / 5. 40 = 365 days / 5. 31 = companies are roughly as effective as the other in Inventory 67. 59 68. 74 converting their inventory to cash. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Hershey and Tootsie Financial Sheet Evaluation" essay for you Create order

Business Analysis of 20th Century Insurance Essay

Business Analysis of 20th Century Insurance Table of Contents History, Position, Targeted Market, Goals Page 3 Northridge Earthquake, Crisis Page 4 Comeback Kid, Results of PR Campaign Page 6 Developing a Crisis Plan, Page 7 Crisis Team, Milestones for Communication Page 8 Issues Page 9 Plan Approval, Anticipated competitive responses Page 11 Recommended press release Page 14 References Page 15 Appendix A†¦show more content†¦They were exploring plans to expand their business by selling insurance in other states such as, Arizona, Nevada and Oregon. The company was also looking at the idea of possibly changing the companys name, in light of the newly approaching 21st Century. However, all its plans for growth were immediately put on hold due to the January 17, 1994, magnitude-6.7, Northridge Earthquake that cost the company over $1,065 billion. The Northridge Earthquake The Northridge Earthquake was recently characterized as one of this nations most costly disasters ever, as it has been 20th Centurys most costly and devastating in terms of its finances, reputation and survival. In the past five years since this catastrophic occurrence, 20th has encountered near financial ruin, class action lawsuits filed by homeowners, name smearing and accusations of illegal business dealings made to the press by their disgruntled claims manager and a near take-over of the company by their financial savior Automobile Insurance Group (AIG). This series of events could have been described by many as a Public Relations nightmare for the company, instead, 20th chose to look at it as their biggest opportunity to do PR. Crisis Physically violent acts of God, such as an earthquake are often times both hard to predict and prepare for. 20ths, Corporate Relations, SeniorShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Roles And Impact818 Words   |  4 PagesResources developed during the industrial ages since the factories were tasked with managing a large number of employees and maintaining their employees safety. During the 20th Century, the Human Resource function expanded to complying with social requirements and the productivity of its employees. 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Alcohol and Tobacco Free Essays

Alcohol and tobacco use is becoming more common every day in our society. The media is continuously advertising tobacco companies and different brands of alcohol, while the government is continuously sending warning messages about the harm that alcohol and tobacco can cause. Tobacco can forever damage you’re your internal organs, while alcohol can cause major damage to your body as well as the people surrounding you. We will write a custom essay sample on Alcohol and Tobacco or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although the public knows about the negative effects of these products, people still continue to use the substances without thinking twice. These products are legal if you are of age, so people will continue to experiment with alcohol and tobacco. On the other hand, drugs are not legal and are not advertised all over the media because they are prohibited in our society. If drugs were legal, experimentation and usage of these dangerous and deadly drugs would skyrocket. The usage of alcohol and tobacco is legal, but the usage of drugs should be prohibited in the United States. A theory is that if a person tries one drug such as marijuana, there is a high likelihood that that person will eventually try a harder drug such as cocaine. This is a very scary thought. If drugs were legal, many more individuals would be trying them. The media would be advertising cocaine like it was voldka. There is a large difference between these two products. People would feel like it was okay to experiment with the drug because its usage was legal. This could be harmful, because everyone can have a different effect to each drug. Drugs such as cocaine and heroin are highly addictive and dangerous. They not only cause damage to the person using but also to surrounding people. I am not trying to undersize alcohol and the damage it can cause, but at least there are laws against driving while intoxicated so that you can prevent yourself from harming another individual. Tobacco use affects your body in the long run, but other than second hand smoke, it does not directly put others in danger. Certain drugs can make a person spiral out of control and make them do certain things that they would never do if they were clean. A counter viewpoint is that drugs should be legalized because it is a person choice to use or consume whatever they wish. Advocates of legalizing drugs say that people will use drugs if they have the desire to whether it is legal or illegal. They mention that what is the difference between tobacco and alcohol versus drugs. Alcohol can be just as damaging to other people as drugs can be sometimes. The United States is a free country where we can speak how we feel and do how we feel and no one can tell us how to live our life. They say that if people want to use alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs, they should have the freedom to do so. Both sides make valid points, but I definitely feel that drug usage would contaminate our society even more. How to cite Alcohol and Tobacco, Papers Alcohol and Tobacco Free Essays Alcohol and tobacco use is becoming more common every day in our society. The media is continuously advertising tobacco companies and different brands of alcohol, while the government is continuously sending warning messages about the harm that alcohol and tobacco can cause. Tobacco can forever damage you’re your internal organs, while alcohol can cause major damage to your body as well as the people surrounding you. We will write a custom essay sample on Alcohol and Tobacco or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although the public knows about the negative effects of these products, people still continue to use the substances without thinking twice. These products are legal if you are of age, so people will continue to experiment with alcohol and tobacco. On the other hand, drugs are not legal and are not advertised all over the media because they are prohibited in our society. If drugs were legal, experimentation and usage of these dangerous and deadly drugs would skyrocket. The usage of alcohol and tobacco is legal, but the usage of drugs should be prohibited in the United States. A theory is that if a person tries one drug such as marijuana, there is a high likelihood that that person will eventually try a harder drug such as cocaine. This is a very scary thought. If drugs were legal, many more individuals would be trying them. The media would be advertising cocaine like it was voldka. There is a large difference between these two products. People would feel like it was okay to experiment with the drug because its usage was legal. This could be harmful, because everyone can have a different effect to each drug. Drugs such as cocaine and heroin are highly addictive and dangerous. They not only cause damage to the person using but also to surrounding people. I am not trying to undersize alcohol and the damage it can cause, but at least there are laws against driving while intoxicated so that you can prevent yourself from harming another individual. Tobacco use affects your body in the long run, but other than second hand smoke, it does not directly put others in danger. Certain drugs can make a person spiral out of control and make them do certain things that they would never do if they were clean. A counter viewpoint is that drugs should be legalized because it is a person choice to use or consume whatever they wish. Advocates of legalizing drugs say that people will use drugs if they have the desire to whether it is legal or illegal. They mention that what is the difference between tobacco and alcohol versus drugs. Alcohol can be just as damaging to other people as drugs can be sometimes. The United States is a free country where we can speak how we feel and do how we feel and no one can tell us how to live our life. They say that if people want to use alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs, they should have the freedom to do so. Both sides make valid points, but I definitely feel that drug usage would contaminate our society even more. How to cite Alcohol and Tobacco, Essay examples

Responsibility of Human Resource Director-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Assume that you are the CEO of a Multinational Corporation. What are some of the Key Competencies will you expect from your HR Director. Why? Answer: Introduction This study deals with explaining the aspect of international human resource management. In multi-national corporations, the main responsibility of human resource director is to develop strategies for the management of employees that are working in a business organization in and across the world (Reilly Williams, 2016). As a CEO of a multinational corporation, it is necessary to expect some of the key competencies that should be present in the HR Director. The present study clearly highlights these key competencies of HR Director so that there is employee retention and reduced attrition rate in an organization. Key competencies of HR Director Negotiation Skills- the HR Director should have cooperation skills at the time of handling employees in a multinational corporation. They should have communication as well as relationship skills as it will help in negotiating win-win situations for the hired employees (Reilly Williams, 2016). Job Knowledge- the Human Resource Director should have proper knowledge of the job. Human resource is an information-oriented field where company need to comply with the labor laws as well as health issues and safety concerns at local, national and international level (Glaister, 2014). Qualified Recruitment- the Human Resource Director should recruit deserving candidates and potential applicants to the prospects that can meet future job opportunities. Effective Training- The Human Resource Director should provide training session to the employees and explain their job roles and responsibilities. They are accountable for creating teaching agenda that will help employees for fulfilling their daily job purpose as well as progress to other positions within the business or responding well for business changes and business shifts (Reilly Williams, 2016).. Influential Power- the Human Resource Director should have the skill to persuade people. They should inspire human resources and show ways where the employees can excel at their job and embracing changes for taking ethical decisions (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). Critical thinking skills- The Human Resource Director should have critical thinking skills for solving the matter in smoother forms. Employees belong from diverse educational background where it is the role of HR Director to strategically cultivate an environment so that all can work together towards the business improvement. Leadership- The Human Resource Director need to have leadership skills as it is an important competency. It is the responsibility of HR Director for creating strategic plans for the entire workforce who works for the multinational corporation. In addition, leadership skills are actually critical as it is the process that justifies the well-designed elements of a tactical plan to the executive team of a business enterprise (Armstrong, 2016). Conclusion At the end of the study, it is concluded that HR Director need to have essential core competencies so that there is smooth function of business enterprise. It is the HR Director who are directly responsible to the performance of employees who work for any multinational company- The above study clearly mentions about the core competency that are needed in a HR Director for achieving future success and improvement in a multinational corporation. Reference List Armstrong, M. (2016).Armstrong's Handbook of Management and Leadership for Hr: Developing Effective People Skills for Better Leadership and Management. Kogan Page Publishers. Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Glaister, A. J. (2014). HR outsourcing: the impact on HR role, competency development and relationships.Human resource management journal,24(2), 211-226. Reilly, P., Williams, T. (2016).Strategic HR: Building the capability to deliver. CRC Press.

Branding Analysis

Introduction Branding is one of the most essential aspects of modern business environment. Consumers link the majority of products with a logo, statement, color or a given shape. Branding enables the consumers to indentify the product through that sign or symbol. It is based on creating a unique feeling among the customers and it helps them identify a given product. Brands create an identity which is one of a kind and this urges customers to develop a loyalty towards that product (Aaker,  2002).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Branding Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Organizations use brand as a means of differentiating their products from other companies and ensuing that they develop a strong long-lasting relationship with their clients. Personal branding, on the other hand, entails the creation of a unique attribute that separates you from other people which covers creating and communicating aspect s. Branding does not only apply to operations but also to individuals, countries, cities and even individuals. Most celebrities and successful professionals around the world have created a brand image for themselves which makes people know who they are and what they offer (De  Chernatony   McDonald,  2001). Tiger Wood’s brand The brand chosen for the current paper is Tiger Woods who is one of the most successful golfers in the world. He brought excitement and charm to the golfing game. As one of the top players, a mention of the golf sport triggers one to think of Tiger Woods. He is the world number one golfer having won many professional tournaments in his golfing career. Tiger Woods has been named the PGA player of the year with a ten times record and has also many PGA titles and trophies such as PGA tour money leader and PGA tour Player of the year. Woods has won 79 PGA tournaments and has 14 major titles. He is ranked second best all time golfers after Jack Nicklaus who won 18 major titles. The successful wins that Tiger Woods enjoyed have made him get sponsorship from companies. Nike is one of the companies that sponsors this famous player. In addition to all the wins, Woods have amassed certain wealth from the titles and the sponsorship he gets from companies. All these successful wins make him a brand to reckon with in the golfing sport. He has also done some charitable work to assist other players. SWOT analysis of Tiger Woods’ brands Most brands can be evaluated using the a Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis. In the business milieu, SWOT analysis assists managers to evaluate the company’s strategic position in relation to their competitors. The tool can also be used to assess the strategic position of personal brands.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In SWOT analysis, strength and weakne sses represent the internal forces that strengthen or weaken the brand while opportunities and threats represent the external forces that affect the brand positively and negatively. The SWOT matrix for Tiger Woods brand is shown in figure 1 given below: Positive factors Negative factors Internal Factors STRENGTHS Tiger Woods is a successful golfer as he wins in most of the golfing competitions. He is a family man. He has won 14 professional golfing titles: Woods has won 14 golfing tournament. This makes him one of the best golf players in the world. His name is widely known in the golfing sport. Tiger Woods is an established golf player. His brand name is already established and many people in the world know and associate him with the golf sport. He is a celebrity. He has brought excitement and fun to the golf sport. He is a talented golf player: ever since he was young, Tiger Woods has played golf with a lot of skill. This means he has a talent for the sport. WEAKNESS ES Tiger Woods was faced by a scandal that affected his brand as most companies such as Gillette and ATT chose not to work with his brand. Nike was also criticized for using sportsmen with tainted image. There is a possibility of another scandal in the future. Age: many sports men retire or become weak due to age. This makes them loose their titles and leave big sport. In such cases, the brand’s name erodes. External factors Opportunities A lot of companies are willing to use Tiger Woods’ brand as an advertisement tool. Most companies are now using brands of popular people to market their products. For example, when Tiger Woods’ wears Nike shoes, he promotes the company’s products. The golf sport is growing and expanding to other places in the world. More and more people watch and enjoy the sport. This increases the popularity of Tiger Woods’ brand. More wins: Tiger Woods’ is expected to win more tournaments. This will strengthen his brand and image. Ability to become the all time best golfer. Tiger Woods is ranked the second best all time golfer with 14 major wins. If he wins five more tournaments, he will be ranked the best all time golf player. Threats There is a threat of competition from other golf players. Should another golf player defeat Tiger Woods, his brand’s name will weaken. Competition from other personality. Tiger Woods’ brand competes with other personalities’ brands in the music and sport industry. Should other personalities gain more popularity, then, the popularity of Tiger Woods’ brand would decrease. For example, Nike Company may stop using Tiger Woods’ brand and opt for a powerful footballer instead. Strengths Generally one of the main strengths of Tiger Woods’ brand is his talent and successive wins in the golfing industry. This has made his name known to most of the people around the world. It could be called an internal strength that is based on talents that Woods have gained for the golfing sport. Unlike other business brands which have many strengths based on quality, technology and cost, Tiger Woods’ brand is based only on his successful golfing career. The fact that he has won many titles makes his name globally popular. Weaknesses One of the main weaknesses of the famous player’s brand is the scandal that he faced. Before the scandal, Tiger Woods was known to be a polite family man. The scandal ruined his name and nearly destroyed his family. It also affected Tiger Woods’ brand with many fans considering him a tainted player. This case resulted in the fact that the player lost many contracts and sponsorship. Tiger Woods’ brand’s managers are currently working on improving his reputation. Another weakness affecting most sportsmen is age. As they become old, they lose their skills. The brand name erodes and is replaced by the current world champions. Opportunities These are the external factors promoting the development of Tiger Woods’ brand. As the golfing sport gains popularity across the globe, the player is gaining more fans and becoming more popular. This strengthens his brand image. In addition, more and more companies are also willing to work with the celebrity. As these companies advertise using pictures of Tiger Woods, they make his brand even more popular. A successful career in the future is also an opportunity for his brand to develop. If he becomes the best all time golf player in the world, Tiger Woods’ brand will be strengthened even more. Threats There are many external negative forces that may affect Tiger Woods’ brand. Incase another golfer defeats Tiger Woods successively, his brand image will be affected and weakened. The brand will also loose popularity if other sportsmen outside the golf sport show more success in the sport branch. This will make fans switch from golf to other sportsmen in football, rugby, basket ball, and athletics.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Branding Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Summary For Tiger Woods’ brand to grow, the brand manager must work on improving the weaknesses that he is facing. To deal with the threats, the brand manager should effectively market Tiger Woods’ brand and the golf sport in general. The strengths and opportunities should also be exploited towards the enhancement of the brand. References Aaker,  D.  A.  (2002).  Building strong brands.  London,  England:  Simon  Ã‚  Schuster. De  Chernatony, L.,  Ã‚  McDonald,  M.  (2001).  Creating powerful brands in consumer,  service and industrial markets (2nd  edition  ed.).  Oxford,  England: Butterworth† Heinemann.  Tiger Woods’ picture 1 (2013). Web. This report on Branding Analysis was written and submitted by user Aurora O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Summary Paper Wk 2

Summary Paper Wk 2 Summary Paper Wk 2 How to Become Upper Management Erik S. St. George MGT/230 March 24, 2015 Mr. William Slomski How to Become Upper Management The path to becoming a CEO of any Corporation is a long road for anyone to take. To be a CEO of an organization, you must understand the many different intricacies of what makes the organization work, as an individual cannot be expected to lead the Company if they don’t understand what the company represents, or its purpose. Anne Mulcahy, the CEO of the XEROX Inc., played an intricate part in the development of XEROX and has been the pivoting factor of why the organization is doing so well in today’s competitive market-place. Discussing how she came to be the CEO of the company, and some of the decisions that she has made over the past several years will help us to understand what it takes to be in a position of leadership and management, and everything that you do can affect the future success, or failure of the organization that you are a part of. Road to Become the CEO Mulcahy stated in an interview on â€Å"Destination CEO† (Strategic videos) that her ability to do what she is capable of now, and how she got to the point that she has achieved, is accredited to her Father. During childhood, her father would make her and her brothers debate about different topics, and teach them about how to research the information about it. Her father expected them to maintain her knowledge on current events from the newspaper, and other sources of information. He would test them on their ability to state their opinions, back it by facts, and to have the ability to deliver the information in a way that would allow them to make others understand and side with them. Mulcahy started at Xerox because one of her brother’s worked there and helped her to get started with the company. She started at the bottom in sales, and therefore developed a good understanding of what the customer desired within their products. Later during her climb up the corporate ladder, she spent several years in Human Resources, and this gave her the opportunity to plan, develop, and launch a new department that would attempt improve the sales of the company’s products, and with the sales force organization. Vision Mulcahy’s ability to understand where the company was destined to go gave her the ability to set goals for the organization, to rally those within the leadership around those goals, and to convince the former CEO of the company to come back and recommend to the Board of Directors that Mulcahy be elected as the new CEO of the company. Her â€Å"Can Do† attitude was always contagious to others, and inspired those around her to follow her. This attitude is what also carried her through having to make many of the hard decisions that had to be made, such as cutting jobs and cutting entire

How Unsuitable Diet Contributes to Illness & Diseases Assignment

How Unsuitable Diet Contributes to Illness & Diseases - Assignment Example It will require determination and discipline to gradually learn and become familiar with nutrients per food item. Then careful, intentional planning of what to purchase, cook, and eat will have to be practiced. This research paper simulates nutrient requirements per age and sex assuming an activity level that is low. It also took random samples of the usual food intake and computed the nutrient contents. This was thereafter compared with RDIs corresponding to the person involved considering their ages, sex, and sample favourite meals. Results of random sampling showed an imbalance in one or more nutrients per day. This means there is a need for planning ahead about what meals to take the following days in order to balance the nutrients and prevent a build up of excess nutrients. Introduction Last year, Dr. Brewer, Sarah (2011) reported an alarming report about the most common causes of death in UK. She said that the majority or a total of 70,196 was due to heart disease and over 25% was due to various types of cancer. Such diseases could have been prevented for a much longer number of years if proper diet and lifestyle were followed. Heart failure is a result of having a malnourished heart with dead cells. Eating at least one gram of fish with Omega 3 instead of smoking could maintain a healthy heart. Dr. Sharma, Rekha (2009) also recommended proper diet as one of the major guidelines. She was referring to low-fat intake, especially saturated fats and cholesterol, and less salt (less than 6 grams per day, preferably 2.3 gms. or less) or less salty food because these two cause hypertension. Furthermore, alcohol should be taken in moderation. And every person should exercise about 30 minutes per day. This paper focuses on poor diet as cause of a variety of diseases. It explains why unsuitable diet leads to different possible diseases. Aim With the aim of discovering what are the common reasons why improper diet or unplanned food intake results in meeting one or m ore diseases, this research paper seeks to forewarn people from all walks of life about failure to care about the right nutrition and combination of food to meet recommended dietary requirements. Because there are many possible combinations of food to meet the needed nutrients, the tools (mostly web links to programs) that can assist a person to determine the right alternatives are included in this project. Hypotheses The dietary requirements of individuals vary depending on the age, sex, and activity. Considering recommended daily intake (RDI) based on each of these demographics, calculations that are based on the findings of the Institute of Medicine Food and Nutrition Board, can be done to arrive at the needed calories, carbohydrates, protein, fat, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. There have been many scientific studies showing results of deviations from following the RDI or simply the result of lack of diligence to indulge in regular health maintenance. Such results can range from obesity, hypertension, heart diseases, malfunction of one major part of the body, to serious ailments like cancer, diabetes, and even early death Null Hypothesis Age, sex, and activity don’t matter in determining the proper diet that will avoid diseases. Another is that determining whatever should be taken will be too difficult for most people. And diseases happen by chance. These are the null hypotheses. Apparatus / Equipment Using

Turning patients every 2 hours Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Turning patients every 2 hours - Article Example In relation to the outcome of the article, it can be viewed that the professional behavior of the nurses having degree is more evidence oriented in comparison with those nurses who do not possess any degree. Furthermore, the article also validated that evidence-oriented nursing practices probably occur in those organizations wherein nurses have better access towards revealing valuable information and also have superior prospects towards working with different sorts of advanced technologies. Ultimately, the findings of the article highlighted the fact that in healthcare field, there lays the requirement of conducting evidence based practices for better performance (Eizenberg, 2010). Implication of the Findings The outcome which has been gathered from the article implies that evidence-based nursing has become quite important especially in healthcare profession for enhancing the quality of services by a certain degree. Besides, from reviewing the article, it can be viewed that the adopt ion as well as the execution of evidence-based nursing is dependent on several variables that comprise professional context of nurses and the availability of resources among others. With respect to the professional context, the article revealed that there pertain a significant interrelation between nurses’ role such as managerial and non-managerial activities and evidence- based learning. Hence, it signifies that organizations need to employ nurses who possess adequate skills for managing different managerial and non-managerial activities within different healthcare organizations. Furthermore, the article also represented that the nurses who have professional degree have higher tendency to study different research articles applying them in conducting various sorts of nursing practices. It signifies the fact that professional background can influence the behavior of nurses toward performing more evidence-based practices in organizations. Furthermore, the findings of the articl e also depict that professional works are also associated with evidence oriented nursing practices at large (Eizenberg, 2010). One of the effective implications of the findings relating to the selected article can be apparently observed as the prevalence of the significant affiliation between accessibility of resources and evidence-based nursing practices within various healthcare organizations. Availability of resources in this context generally includes the opportunities to find different educational materials in the place of work. This signifies that in order to enhance the evidence based practices, healthcare organizations must enhance the access of information through providing the facilities such as library, information system and internet among others. Organizations that support these initiatives can enjoy higher evidence-based nursing practices (Eizenberg, 2010). The findings of the article reveal that there are several factors which can help to facilitate the use of evidenc e-based nursing practices by a greater degree. One of the factors might comprise providing support to the nurses about use of different resources for enhancing the effectiveness of services. The sources of knowledge also play a vital part in the adoption along with the implementation of evidence-based

Evaluation of Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn in the Marketplace Essay

Evaluation of Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn in the Marketplace - Essay Example The indexing of information provides an easy way of getting the information to the consumers on Twitter. Indexing of the information again provides the updates about the products to be got by the customers in real time. Again the method of indexing on twits can help consumers to search for more information about a particular product instantly. Twitter has improved its strategies for marketing in the business world. That is an indication of success in its development. Second, Twitter also provides new business ventures for its users. For instance, the speaker states that some users find Twitter convenient to follow states agency publications. Further, Conan indicates that there is no limitation on the number of persons to follow on twitter. In addition, it is not very necessary to follow an individual to get his or her twits. An individual can follow another user but do not follow the person and the person can read your twits. Twitter can, therefore, give one unlimited space to follow more and more Twitter accounts. In a case where one wants to explore the marketplace for business, and then the persons can understand the very diverse business area of interest. The advantages of the use Twitter, therefore, indicate the success of Twitter in the future in the marketplace. It will give a space for one to understand very diverse market area through twitter. That is an evidence of the success of Twitter in the marketplace. According to Lucy, the monthly traffic web traffic indicates that Facebook is posing much more threats to LinkedIn (1). In most of the blog posts, almost a half-dozen blogs show that Facebook is gaining dominance over Myspace in the made-up social media war. Twitter and Facebook have been integrated by their founders such that one can synchronize both Facebook and Twitter account as just update on one account, and the other account would automatically be updated.

Transitioning from a Linear to a Circular Economy

Transitioning from a Linear to a Circular Economy Prepare a critical review evaluating the challenges of transitioning from a linear to a circular economy. 2000 words (24th March) Introduction The linear model of consumption will need to adjust or be replaced in the near future due to rising population, decreasing resources (i.e. metals, materials), and water limits. The current linear economic system is unsustainable but the concept of circular economy may supply the means to allow for sustainability by improving efficient use of material and energy. From policies and frameworks driven on a macro scale by local governments to optimisation of process lines and waste reduction on a micro scale gives more social and sustainable aspects to our current way of resource use. We can use examples throughout the world of a shift in the utilisation of resources in an overall effect of achieving the ultimate goal of zero waste and impact to the environment. What is Linear Economy? Linear economies assume the worlds resources are unlimited. The linear models primary objective is to the economy, with no regard for ecological and social impacts. It takes waste from the production process and contaminates the environment and is based on the principle, take, make, consume, discard and everlasting availability of resources. (Drljaca, 2015) This was due to a historically cheap and plentiful amount of resources being available leading to companies focusing on supplying the customer. This has disregarded the environmental impact and lacked incentives to minimise waste from its production to its end of life. Currently there is more than 11 billion tons of global waste globally and only 25% is recycled. (Lacy Rutqvist, 2015) Circular Economy Circular economy focuses on the sustainable exploitation of resources but also acts to increase the social responsibility. It aims to decouple prosperity from resource consumption by ensuring a closed loop process which depends on the extraction of virgin resources. (Sauve, Bernard Sloan, 2016) The concept allows waste to be put through the production process again and thereafter only a small amount of waste that is unable to be recycled is disposed into the environmental harmlessly. This will reduce our dependency for new resources, allow future generations to meet their needs, and promote sustainability. Due to Chinas resource supply and environmental problems they have utilised the circular economy model on a national level many years ago allocating three distinctive levels micro, meso, and macro: The micro level aims to reduce waste and optimise materials for cleaner production within an individual company. The meso level collaborates between industries to utilise the by-product of one another which is facilitated by Chinas governmental directives. The circular economy at a macro level is integrated with societal and stakeholder interests which is on a similar level to sustainable development. (Sauve, Bernard Sloan, 2016) Figure 3.1: Overview of the circular economy concept. (Reh, 2013) The circular economy model aims to replace the linear economy model by extending the usefulness of the product via several methods: Building a product which has a higher quality and more durable targeting the consumers who are able to pay a premium. Refurbishing a product Trade back your product to the market for a price Upgrade the product to add new features Refilling a component in the product where the rest of the functions are still in quality. Repairing a broken product (Lacy Rutqvist, 2015) Having a society that promotes circular economy may increase competition worldwide. (Drljaca, 2015) Policies The transition from a linear to circular economy has been happening for many years and is seen from the laws, policies, and frameworks given below in numerous countries around the world. The methodology changes from country to country as an example according to Tukker (2015) China promotes a top-down national political objective while the EU, Japan and USA use bottom-up environmental and waste management policies. Country Circular economy strategy UK The House of Commons suggested in 2014 that the circular economy should be stimulated by taxation reforms. This would reward reuse and give more funding for companies promoting material recovery. They could prohibit companies using non-recyclable components where other alternatives exist. (Lacy Rutqvist, 2015) Denmark The Denmark without waste strategy focuses on better exploiting the resource by reducing the environmental impact and improving recycling, e.g. household waste recycling. Funding is given for improvements in waste separation and treatment facilities. (Lacy Rutqvist, 2015) Scotland The Safeguarding Scotlands Resources initiative is aims to reduce material use through replacing material with reused/ recyclable substitutes and making sure that virgin resources are efficiently and productively used. China Several regions using the Circular Economy Promotion Law of the Peoples Republic of China have set up funds aiming at the circular development and developments of science. The law also pushes for collaboration among several industries to re-use each others waste to benefit their own process.   (Lacy Rutqvist, 2015) Singapore The Singapore Packaging Agreement (SPA) joint initiative by the private sector, nongovernmental organisations, and government which dramatically reduces the packaging waste in Singapore. This has saved USD 35 million over a 5-year period. (Lacy Rutqvist, 2015) The Republic of Croatia The Act on Sustainable Waste Management manages waste at its source by putting the cost of waste to the producer. Disposal must not threaten future generations. (Drljaca, 2015) The drivers for the transition from a linear to a circular economy The transition towards a circular economy is dependent on politics, culture, society, the economy, and technology limitations. This transition can be implemented from the top-down or bottom-up. The top-down process as an example has international and national policies delegated to companies and their operations and supply chains. The bottom-up process starts at the product level hoping to simulate ideas at a more disaggregated level of analysis up to the higher level systems. The top-down process should be used to enhance bottom-up initiatives. The aim is to identify areas where we can reduce virgin resources usage, carbon emissions, and waste production by collaborating between supply chains and stakeholders e.g. Local Authorities. (Genovese et al., 2017) Economics By 2030 the linear growth model will be unable to supply the growing demand for resources. The most likely model by Lacy Rutqvist (2015) shows a USD 4.5 trillion loss by 2030 increasing to USD 25 trillion by 2050. If the circular economy replaces the current linear model it could potentially release USD 4.5 trillion in additional economic output by 2030 as shown in Figure 5.1.1. Figure 5.1.1: Potential savings from a circular opportunity. (Lacy Rutqvist, 2015) However, according to Drljaca (2015), the circular advantage hopes to give a competitive edge leading to improvement of resource utilisation which could decrease material exploitation by 17-24% until 2030 with savings of ~EUR 630 billion per year which totals USD 10.3 trillion from 2015-2030 (1 EUR = 1.0867 USD 2015 average, Pound Sterling (2016)). In either case the huge potential savings from using the circular advantage could persuade governments to drive the change. Fair competition between linear and circular economy Current regulations give linear economy an unfair advantage over circular economy by making it more financially attractive by increased profits through expanding resource use. A shift of taxation from labour to resources would see this shift in bias. Companies are encouraged to extract new resources instead of investing in people and processes to achieve a higher productivity of resources already in use. Currently the Europe labour tax totals 52% of all tax revenues while Other taxes could include landfill tax, energy recovery tax, and reducing the VAT on a more circular advantage product. An increase in cost of the product that incorporates the cost of environmental impact would help manufacturers to minimise the impact to keep pricing competitive. Product-service systems (PSS) In a product-oriented business model companies focus on the increase in products sold to maximise profits however in a PSS model companies are paid by offering a service and the product and consumable is the cost factor. This leads to the companies being incentivised to prolong the life of the product which could be done by using more robust materials or re-using parts to the end of the products life. Renting, leasing, and sharing reduces the impact on the environmental per product manufactured however leased products will tend to be used without care leading to reduced longevity of the product and will be returned to the manufacturer more frequently compared to the traditional manner. Due to labour intensity, PSS increases the cost to manufacture the product and dependent on the speed of innovations for certain technological industries the re-use of components may be deemed uneconomic due to no demand. PSS can contribute to resource -efficiency and a circular economy but does not change the incentive to maximise the product sales. (Tukker, 2015) Circular Economy Challenges Entropy The circular economy assumes the planet is a closed system with the amount of resources being depleted equalling the amount of waste generated. This principle follows the Laws of Thermodynamics however in practice the circular flow of exchange starts with low entropy from the environment and ends with high entropy waste polluting the environment. (Genovese et al., 2017) Sauve, Bernard Sloan (2016) further emphasises this with an added social impact of, what is socially more desirable investing in a new infrastructure to recycle raw material to limit waste or exploit additional raw materials at cheaper cost to use today to build a school? At some point the cost to refine the material will exceed the benefit to the environment. Processes According to Sauve, Bernard Sloan (2016), in many cases certain processes in the value chains are non-existent leading to products that are in the queue for recycling often dis-regarded as companies who seek profit are not ready to use waste as the raw material for new manufacturing. Some experts see the implementation of the circular economy model for sustainable development on current linear economy model productions as an automatic failure. It is difficult to achieve a profit using circular economy as support is sometimes unavailable through policies, national eco-industrial parks (EIPs) initiatives, environmental legislative framework, and economic taxes and subsidies for development. (Ghisellini, Cialani Ulgiati, 2016) Economics Fair Competition The complexity and early understanding of circular economy will require experts from many sectors to achieve the economic incentives that would ensure the post-consumption products are re-integrated upstream within manufacturing. It is more expensive to manufacture a durable long lasting product than an equivalent quick and disposable version. This is based on the fact that the public pays for the cost of disposal to the environment. In order to make circular economy more feasible requires integration of the cost of disposal into the price paid by the customer. (Sauve, Bernard Sloan, 2016) There needs to be internalisation of full environmental costs implemented using certain governmental legislation (e.g. taxes) to ensure reverse flow of the products post-economy. This is therefore dependent on governmental intervention which is dictated by political-economic issues which in turn will slow down circular economy opportunities. (Sauve, Bernard Sloan, 2016) Geographic Feasibility It may be unfeasible to use recycling, reuse and/or recovery as an option within certain geologies as they may not be appropriate in some instances based on green chemistry and technologies available e.g. prevention maybe a better option. (Tukker, 2015) More examples can be seen in Table A1. Case studies TATA Steel Currently concrete, timber, and steel have huge differences in their life cycle flows within the demolishing industry of buildings as seen in Figure 7.1.1. According to Reh (2013), achieving complete re-use and recycling remains impossible with todays technology so maximum recovery of the most valuable resource remains the first priority. The integration of different materials combined with depreciation requires a more involved investigation of the recovery plan which becomes very complex. Figure 7.1.1: Life cycle of a demolished building (Reh, 2013) Blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) is the most common steel process however with shortage of metallurgy coke, high CO2 emissions, high by-product of slag, and dust from blast furnace gas cleaning is not considered environmental friendly. An alternative being the new electric arc furnace which is more energy efficient and reduces the CO2 emissions but high capital investments remain the limitation. (Reh, 2013) Toyota Motor Cooperation By optimising the sorting of dust in Toyotas automobile shredder pants Toyota were able to successfully treat 100% of the residue of 15,000 cars per month into valuable materials. High value electrical energy is transferred to several process steps to decrease the entropy of mixing during production. This improvement in technology has an exponential impact on the car industry with an estimated 1 billion cars in the world. (Reh, 2013) Conclusion The transition to a circular economy has many challenges and obstacles in the near future. As shown, many countries are placing high emphasis on the legislation and development of circular economy as they see a requirement to adjust on a macro sustainable level. If the transition is increased this could potentially unlock several trillions of dollars over the many years to come. In order for this to work a combination of strategies at every level is required to allow each stakeholder to be a benefit to the global transition. Appendix A Table A1: Further examples of challenges with circular economy (Ghisellini, Cialani, Ulgiati, 2016) References BRIEN, H. G. (2015a) Circular Economy. [Online] Available from https://kenniskaarten.hetgroenebrein.nl/en/kenniskaart/circular-economy/ [Accessed: 23rd February 2017] BRIEN, H. G. (2015b) The 10 Big Questions for the Circular Economy. [Online] Available from http://hetgroenebrein.nl/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/10-Big-Questions-for-the-Circular-Economy-INFOGRAPHIC.pdf [Accessed: 23rd February 2017] DRLJACA, M. (2015) The Transition from Linear to Circular Economy (Concept of Efficient Waste Management). In Association for Quality and Standardization of Serbia. VrnjaÄ ka Banja, 2015. p. 35-44. Available from http://www.kvalitet.org.rs/images/phocadownload/the%20transition%20linear%20in%20circular%20economy%20miroslav%20drljaa.pdf [Accessed: 23rd February 2017] Ellen Macarthur Foundation (2015) Our Mission is to Accelerate the Transition to a Circular Economy. [Online] Available from https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/ [Accessed: 23rd February 2017] GENOVESE, A. et al. (2017) Sustainable supply chain management and the transition towards a circular economy: Evidence and some applications. Omega. [Online] 66. p. 344-357. Available from http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0305048315001322/1-s2.0-S0305048315001322-main.pdf?_tid=74c6de02-fa10-11e6-aa77-00000aacb35facdnat=1487886106_74b304b3dc5437e17e5fe519fa8c0812 [Accessed: 23rd February 2017] GEORGE, D. A. R., Lin, B. C. Chen, Y. (2015) A circular economy model of economic growth. Environmental Modelling Software. [Online] 73. p. 60-63. Available from http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1364815215300050/1-s2.0-S1364815215300050-main.pdf?_tid=0bc1df60-fa10-11e6-8c30-00000aab0f6cacdnat=1487885930_37488d1ce4f1739084fd69489fc8a1a7 [Accessed: 23rd February 2017] GHISELLINI, P., CIALANI, C. ULGIATI, S. (2016) A review on circular economy: the expected transition to a balanced interplay of environmental and economic systems. Journal of Cleaner Production. [Online] 114. p. 11-32. Available from http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0959652615012287/1-s2.0-S0959652615012287-main.pdf?_tid=1b6a27e6-fa11-11e6-b2c6-00000aab0f6bacdnat=1487886386_e13f933c344129238b699b40c81c696b [Accessed: 23rd February 2017] LACY, P. RUTQVIST, J. (2015) Waste to Wealth: the circular economy advantage. UK, Hampshire: Macmillan Publishers Limited. POUND STERLING (2016) Historical Rates for the EUR/USD currency conversion on 31 December 2015 (31/12/2015). Available from: https://www.poundsterlinglive.com/best-exchange-rates/euro-to-us-dollar-exchange-rate-on-2015-12-31. (Accessed: 19th March 2017) RAUPACH, M. R. et al. (2007) Global and regional drivers of accelerating CO2 emissions. PNAS. [Online] 104. (24). p. 10288 -10293. Available from https://uhi.blackboard.com/bbcswebdav/pid-621274-dt-content-rid-5673934_1/courses/UF811998/PNAS-2007-Raupach-10288-93.pdf [Accessed: 23rd February 2017] REH, L. (2013) Process engineering in circular economy. Particuology. [Online] 11. p. 119-133. Available from http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1674200113000023/1-s2.0-S1674200113000023-main.pdf?_tid=f6b7e250-fa0e-11e6-9938-00000aacb360acdnat=1487885465_0117d7df5a14a5ca6f24c03ae761e2d5 [Accessed: 23rd February 2017] SAUVE, S., BERNARD, S. SLOAN, P. (2016) Environmental sciences, sustainable development and circular economy: Alternative concepts for trans-disciplinary research. Environmental Development. [Online] 17. p. 48-56. Available from http://ac.els-cdn.com/S2211464515300099/1-s2.0-S2211464515300099-main.pdf?_tid=c0687f78-fa10-11e6-bdc2-00000aacb35eacdnat=1487886233_c2050df04694fc30b490f4e8486dee8a [Accessed: 23rd February 2017] SKEA, J. NISHIOKA, S. (2008) Policies and practices for a low-carbon society. Climate Policy. [Online] 8. p. S5-S16. Available from https://uhi.blackboard.com/bbcswebdav/pid-621272-dt-content-rid-5632275_1/courses/UF811998/Policies%20and%20practices%20for%20a%20low-carbon%20society-1.pdf [Accessed: 23rd February 2017] SU, B. et al. (2013) A review of the circular economy in China: moving from rhetoric to implementation. Journal of Cleaner Production. [Online] 42. p. 215-227. Available from http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0959652612006117/1-s2.0-S0959652612006117-main.pdf?_tid=5aa9aef6-fa0f-11e6-9009-00000aacb362acdnat=1487885633_e486ac7b90cff16cd44ec5b72b405a9a [Accessed: 23rd February 2017] TUKKER, A. (2015) Product services for a resource-efficient and circular economy a review. Journal of Cleaner Production. [Online] 97. p. 76-91. Available from http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0959652613008135/1-s2.0-S0959652613008135-main.pdf?_tid=b1c99494-fa0f-11e6-bafc-00000aacb362acdnat=1487885779_1dbb3b632024a09a87307a26dc6caf65 [Accessed: 23rd February 2017] YADUVANSHI, N. R., MYANA, R. KRISHNAMURTHY, S. (2016) Circular Economy for Sustainable Development in India. Indian Journal of Science and Technology. [Online] 9 (46/ December). p. 1-9. Available from http://www.indjst.org/index.php/indjst/article/view/107325/76142 [Accessed: 23rd February 2017] ZINK, T. Geyer, R. (2017) Circular Economy Rebound. Journal of Industrial Ecology. [Online] 00 (0). p. 1-10. Available from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.eor.uhi.ac.uk/doi/10.1111/jiec.12545/epdf [Accessed: 23rd February 2017]

Around The World In Eighty Day :: essays research papers

Around the World in Eighty Days by Jules Verne is a novel that takes place in the late nineteenth century. The title summarizes the plot because one day Phileas Fogg is with some friends and he reads in a newspaper that it is possible to travel around the world in eighty days. But no one believes this to be true except Phileas. Then Phileas bets them that he could make the journey in eighty or under days, and then leaves along with his servant immediately. Throughout the journey Phileas and his servant Passepartout use every means of transportation possible such as steamers, railways, carriages, yachts, trading-vessels, sledges, and even an elephant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The protagonist in Around the World in Eighty Days is Phileas Fogg. Fogg’s most important character quality is his determination to succeed. After Fogg read the article in the paper about how it is possible to voyage the world in eighty days Fogg knew he could prove it. So after he made the bet that he could do it he was so determined the whole way that he could make the voyage. Along the way, he tried not to let anything get in the way even though the trip was delayed by slow railway systems, rescuing an Indian maharani from a burning funeral pyre and being constantly followed and spied on by a detective named Mr. Fix. One important decision Fogg makes is when he got to a train station they told him that he couldn’t go on the train for another month. He was terrified but he did not panic. He saw an elephant in town and paid an Indian a considerable amount of money to travel to the next train station. Passepartout said of the price “Good Heaven, two thousand for an elephant!'; (Page 41). Fogg’s intelligence during the voyage got considerably better as his traveling techniques got better. He knew that in order to make the trip on time he must not waste any time at all and gain time if at all possible for the unexpected occurrences.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The antagonist in Around the World in Eighty Days is Mr. Fix. Mr. Fix is a detective who constantly pursues Phileas Fogg and Passepartout because he believes that Fogg is a bank robber who is making the trip just to escape reality. So Mr. Fix tries to slow down Fogg and find out if he is the bank robber.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Antisocial Personality Disorder Guadalupe Guizar Reyes HACC South West February 1, 2012 Antisocial Personality Disorder Often most people don’t understand the real issue behind Antisocial Personality Disorder and has been made clear that previous studies show that most personality disorders if not all begin by displaying symptoms during early childhood. Although very little is done about ASPD, whether it being due to lack of knowledge or not wanting to admit failure of flaw in your family, this article while far from perfect does a well job in declaring all the important aspects in the disorder.The website itself is very organized and highly informative, presenting most frequently asked questions and answering them in terms that any person with any type of educated level can comprehend. What causes antisocial personality disorder? How is it treated? What happens if it gets untreated? Questions that any person who is looking into this particular disorder whether it be for resea rch of relevant to you or someone you know in which you want to seek help for will find most constructive.The website is not only informative but also beneficial to someone who is looking for treatment, possessing a section in which you can seek for help near you. It contains many tools that are easily accessible, useful to those in search for a specific disorder. They include a section called â€Å"Patient Discussions† where previous patients may comment on a question for instants, what treatment has been effective for your antisocial personality disorder? While not a personal question it can be quite discouraging for those who have yet to find an effective way to deal or cope with their disorder may lose interest or hope in receiving treatment. To date†¦ nothing has even remotely changed about my antisocial personality disorder and have been in and out of mental institutions most of my life. † (author last name, date, page number) The content on the page is easy on the eyes, black text on a black background, making it readable to keep visitors from leaving the site while making the website look polished and professional. The negative input to the content is that although readable, every section is in the same style format, color making it difficult to istinguish one section from another. The website contains many links to other information on different types of disorders containing their symptoms, treatment, causes and other informative data all at the reach of one website making it counterproductive. The website contains features on how to distinguish one disorder from another and how from afar you can characterize the disorder, which is quite useful to those who may think a loved one maybe in need of treatment but are unsure of how to go about it.Despite the lack of space on the website it makes up with different alternatives on how the disorder can be treated, therapy for instants â€Å"For example, teenagers who receive therapy, helps them change the thinking that leads to their maladaptive behavior (cognitive behavioral therapy) has been found to significantly decrease the incidence of repeat antisocial behaviors. † The website contains good factors, it’s easy to navigate and locate particular sections you’re most interested in and everything located under one website.If by chance that there is something distinct you are searching for and cant seem to find located at the top left hand corner is a search section where it’ll lead you different website with similar traits. The website is good for all who are interested in ASPD or any specific medical condition whether it is for personal knowledge or seeking guidance and help. It will give you a clear understanding of these medical conditions and awareness. http://www. medicinenet. com/antisocial_personality_disorder/article. htm

10 Best Adventure Places In India Tourism Essays

10 Best Adventure Places In India Tourism Essays 10 Best Adventure Places In India Tourism Essay 10 Best Adventure Places In India Tourism Essay India is more advantageous topographic point than any other state in the universe to host escapade activities, whether it is a campaign in a nature modesty, a camel drive through the desert or a trek through the mountains. India has tonss of escapade hot spots that draw many escapade partisans to India. Adventure and H2O athleticss like trekking, mountaineering, rafting and stone mounting, kayaking, snorkeling ; and scuba diving are done in many topographic points in India. At 7000 pess, Darjeeling is in the northern portion of West Bengal. The Museum of Natural History is an interesting topographic point in Darjeeling. It is known for its varied wildlife. Other topographic points you can see sing are Dhirdam temple, Aloobaari Monastery, Bhutia Bustee Monastery and Ava Art gallery. Gulmarg- the hayfield of flowers is in the Himalayas. Gulmarg provides superb opportunities for long walks. You can besides travel sight seeing to Nanga Parbat and Haramukh. The Valley of Kashmir will non neglect to please you. Jim Corbett National Park is set in the foothills of Himalayas. Here you can take portion in the escapade athleticss like, jungle campaign, wildlife cantonments and jungle camps.Manali has umteen temples, monasteries, base on ballss, waterfalls, landscapes which ever attract tourers. An idyllic topographic point offers adventures like skiing, boosting and trekking. The Zanskar vale is located across the Suru Valley and over the Pensi La in the Ladakh state of Jammu and Kashmir. You trek from Leh, Darcha from Padum to the Markha vale or Pentse La from Panikhar or Rangdum into the vale of Zanskar from Lamayuru, . Dodital sets in the Uttarkashi territory of the Garhwal. You will acquire first-class chances of trekking. Dodi Lake is well-known for trout and Mahseer fishing.Leh is known as a trekker s Eden in North India.Polo is a well-liked activity in Leh. Leh-Manali main road offers scenic and pictural landscapes. Rafting in the Zanskar River at Leh will be a delicious experience. Rishikesh is settled in the northern portion of the province of Uttaranchal. For venture lovers, rapids and rivers of Rishikesh are first-class athleticss. Rishikesh besides plays a function as a base for trekking cantonments. Auli dwells towards the North of the province of Uttaranchal. The portion of Garhwal mountain scope is formed by Auli. Auli is the finish where skiing is a popular activity. Para seafaring is quiet a celebrated athletics which is carried out in Billing. The topographic point is located in Kangra Valley at 8500 pess.

Ruminagui essays

Ruminagui essays He was called by the Spanish conquerors Ruminagui, Irruminabi or Orominabi. According to some colonial historians Rumi He assumed rapidly, dictatorial powers, and called all the peoples around Quito for the defense against the "barbudos", as he called the Spanish conquerors for their long beards. Rumi Rumi The resistance force was very well organized, they were ready to defeat the invaders, when suddenly began the eruption of the volcano Tungurahua, in July, 1534, and almost all the Indians saw in it the wrath of the divine expression and the announcement of a fatality, so they run away scared. Rumi ...

Career Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Career - Research Paper Example US department of labour gives a mean hourly rate of $ 45.14 and a mean annual wage of $ 93,900 (US department of labour web). Louisiana is the second paying state for civil engineers with an annual average of $ 111,980 with an hourly average of $ 53, 84. The trend of construction engineers is that this occupation will grow at an average rate to all occupations in California. This is the case nationally because of road repairs, road construction, bridge construction and other structures are expected to rise. Construction engineers work in different environments. When designing projects entrusted to them, they work in a quite office environment. However, if a project is in a remote area, construction engineers have to bear with the cold or hot environment in such areas. Physically they are supposed to be fit to lift up some construction items here and there. In addition, they should have good eyesight to see details at a close range, Knowledge of tools, methods, and materials used in construction. Most construction engineers work full time and in most cases on overtime to complete contractual

Political and Cultural Consequences of Neo-Liberalism Essay

Political and Cultural Consequences of Neo-Liberalism - Essay Example This theory suggests that individual entrepreneurial freedom can be achieved inside an institutional framework that is distinguished by strong private property rights, free markets, and free trade. Neo-liberalism, as a theory, requires that the role of the state should be to create and protect the already developed institutional framework. The state, therefore, should set up all the necessary mechanisms such as the military, defence, police, and legal structures to secure such institutions. When this is done, the state would have guaranteed property rights and proper functioning markets. Furthermore, the law of neo-liberalism states that if markets are nonexistent, then the government must create them (Harvey, 2005:1). The state is not supposed to go beyond creation of markets and necessary institutions. This means that the state should not interfere with the markets once created. It should keep a minimal role because according to this theory, the government does not have sufficient knowledge on market undertakings. Moreover, some people in the market may influence state policy for their own gains. Deregulation of market functioning, privatisation of companies, and removal of the government interference have been the strongest terms of neo-liberalism in the world today (Foucault, 2008:2). A neoliberal government is thus committed to instituting and favouring strong individual property rights, effective rule of law for all its citizens, and freely enabled trade. According to the theory, these are the fundamental institutional structures regarded indispensable to guarantee freedom of the market. The market then requires a legal structure that is liberally bargained in terms of contractual efforts among the market players. These contractual obligations between individuals, would lead to the protection of individual rights to freedom of operation, right to expression, and choice. According to the theory of liberalism, therefore, the state has to use its monopoly po wer to supervise and oversee the markets at all costs. On the other hand, while the state ensures individual rights in the marketplace, each person is held accountable and liable for their own wellbeing. The principle of neo-liberalism in many countries has extended into economical, political and social-cultural spheres (Leys, 2001:14). Having neo-liberalism defined in the above discussion, this paper seeks to unveil the political and cultural consequences of neo-liberalism. First, this paper puts the political consequences of neo-liberalism into perspective. Therefore, the political consequences of the theory of liberalism as destroying the global democracy, governance, and security of individuals take centre stage. The political neoliberals have distorted the fundamental pillars of global social organisation. Political neo-liberalism is the interaction between the state organs and individuals to influence choices. It is a form of social structure, which moulds the behaviours and a ctions of individuals. Neo-liberalism as a subset of globalisation has led to neoliberal politics that have caused massive deprivation among the poor in many regions around the world. Moreover, neo-liberalism policies qualify as both positive and negative depending of the degree of application (Leys, 2001:14). Neo-liberalism in most parts of the world has led to the formation of strong fiscal policies. Many governments have had to practice strict criteria in the effort to limit budget deficiencies and debts. Through this practice, most of the states have given priorities to public expenditure. Such that, far from subsidies and other

Psychoanalytic criticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Psychoanalytic criticism - Essay Example After ordering beer for both of them, the girl is standing and looking at the hills. Her mind is clearly not focused on the drinks ordered, but other things. She could be thinking about a new life and the operation. She makes the comment "They look like white elephants" (2). She is avoiding the topic of abortion, and the superego is acting as a conscience. The first to broach the subject of the abortion is the American man. He begins the conversation with no pretext leading to the subject: "It's really an awfully simple operation, Jig" (3). He is attempting to convince her to go through with the operation. When he brings the subject to light, she looks at the ground. This could be seen as a struggle between the man's id and the woman's superego. He further presses her on the subject by saying "I know you wouldn't mind it, Jig. It's really not anything. It's just to let the air in" (3). He has become pushy on the issue. Again, Jig says nothing. Not only is she submissive, but she is allowing him to bully her into a decision she is not yet ready to make. Yet, Jig's superego is still overriding the desires of the man's id. The man makes the statement that he does not want anyone else but her. He is stating very clearly that he does not want the child.

President Andrew Jackson Essay Example for Free

President Andrew Jackson Essay Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jackson, Andrew, the seventh President of the United States. His election in 1828 marked the end of the aristocratic tradition in the Presidency that had prevailed since the nation’s beginning. Jackson, a self- made man, frontiersman, and military hero, was the first President from west of the Appalachians. He was identified with a new kind of democracya democracy embracing the entire population rather than only those who were wealthy or owned property.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jackson was neither an original nor a profound thinker, and did not always follow or understand the principles of the â€Å"Jacksonian democracy† that bears his name. However, he did know how to interpret the aspirations and viewpoints of the common people who were clamoring for a voice in government. Jackson was skilled and astute politician, who molded a faction, composed mostly of Southerners and Westerners into the Democratic Party.   Although politically conservative and a believer in states’ rights, he expanded the powers of the Presidency and was fervently committed to the preservation of the Union.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jackson had a domineering personality. He was proud, ambitious, and aggressive. Throughout his life, his temper frequently caused him to act hastily or injudiciously, and he was often swayed by personal prejudices. However, his fearlessness, honesty, and loyalty endeared him to wide sections of the populace. His influence was felt well beyond his two terms, and the period from his election to that of Abraham Lincoln is often referred to as the â€Å"Age of Jackson†. Discussions Early Life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jackson was born March 15, 1767, in a backwoods settlement called Waxhaw on the border between North Carolina and South Carolina. Jackson said South Carolina was his birth place, but there has been much controversy on the subject. His father, mother, and two brothers had arrived there in 1765 from Northern Ireland. His parents had been linen drapers. His father, for whom he was named, died in an accident shortly before Andrew was born.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jackson had attended school for a while before British troops began operating in the Carolinas during the Revolutionary War. Though only 13, Jackson joined a local militia company along with his brother Robert in 1780. Their older brother Hugh had already been killed in the war. After a skirmish with the British in 1781, Jackson and his brother were captured. When a British officer ordered Andrew to polish his boots, he refused and demanded to be treated as a prisoner of war. The angry officer slashed Jackson with his saber, leaving him scarred for life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The brothers were sent to a military prison, where they contracted smallpox. Their mother won their release. But Robert died on the way home. Not long after, Mrs. Jackson died while nursing two of Andrew’s cousins, who were soldiers imprisoned by the British. Andrew was left alone at the age of 14. â€Å"Old Hickory†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jackson lived at the Hermitage managing his business holdings until the outbreak of the War of 1812, when he volunteered his services and was commissioned a major general of U.S Volunteers. In 1813 Creek Indians massacred the inhabitants of Fort Mims in what is now Alabama. In 1814, Jackson led his troops against the Creeks, routing them at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. His endurance in the field won Jackson the nickname â€Å"Old Hickory,† after one of his soldiers remarked that he was â€Å"tough as hickory†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shortly after being commissioned a major general in the United States Army, Jackson expelled the British from Florida. Then with a motley force that included Jean Lafitte’s pirates, he repulsed a British attack on New Orleans. Ironically, the peace treaty had been signed before the battle was fought on January 8, 1815. Jackson’s victory made him a national hero. In 1818, invades Florida and defeats Seminole Indians. In 1821, was appointed military governor of Florida while also resigned within the year. 1823, he was again elected to U.S Senate from Tennessee and resigns in 1825. Then on 1828 he was elected President of the United States. First Administration (1829- 1833)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jackson chose his cabinet from among his and Calhoun’s supporters without much regard for their ability. He made little use of the cabinet, except for Secretary of State Martin Van Buren and Secretary of War John. H. Eaton. Instead, he often sought advice from personal friends, who came to be called his â€Å"kitchen cabinet†. Jackson’s replacement of his incumbent officeholders with his friends and allies gave rise to the term â€Å"spoils system†. Jackson did not originate this practice, however, but merely carried it out on a larger scale than previous Presidents had done. During his eight years as President, Jackson replaced about one- fifth of all federal officeholders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first crisis of the new administration was caused by the so- called â€Å"petticoat war†. The wives of other cabinet members snubbed Margaret O’ Neal Eaton, wife of Secretary of war Eaton, because she had reputedly had an affair with Eaton while married to her fist husband and because she was a travernkeeper’s daughter. Jackson, remembering the attacks against his wife, angrily came to Mrs. Eaton’s defense. Cabinet members took sides over the issue, with Van Buren aligning himself with Jackson and Eaton in opposition to Calhoun and his supporters. This led to political conflict that continued until Jackson reorganized the cabinet in 1831. The protective tariff, opposed by the agricultural South, was a major issued during Jackson’s first term. Vice President Calhoun contended that South Carolina should nullify or set aside the tariff of 1828, the Tariff of Abominations, because it violated states’ rights. The South Carolina nullificationists were confident that Jackson, a Southerner, would support them, but he was a moderate on the tariff issue, holding some protection necessary. He also believed nullification would lead to dissolution of the Union. In July, 1838, Congress passed a more moderate tariff bill, but it was still considered oppressive by South Carolina. In November, a state convention declared the law null and void. Jackson reacted by sending a warship and revenue cutters to Charleston, warning that â€Å"Disunion by armed force is treason.’ The crisis was resolved when Henry Clay secured passage of a compromise tariff in 1833. This bill satisfied South Carolina, which then repealed the nullification ordinance. Jackson’s early administration had been marked by intense rivalry between Vice President Calhoun and Secretary of State Van Buren, both of whom hoped to succeed him. As Jackson’s first term ended, it became apparent that Van Buren had the upper hand. Calhoun, at odds with the President on nullification, resigned the Vice Presidency in 1832. Jackson had long disapproved of the Bank of the United States, which he regarded as an agency of monopoly and special privilege. When it was proposed to renew the bank’s charter in 1832, four years before its expiration date, he vetoed the measure. Henry Clay made this veto an issue in the 1832 Presidential campaign. The voters supported Jackson, however, and he defeated Clay by 219 electoral votes to 49 and a popular vote of 687, 502 to 530, 189. Van Buren was Jackson’s running mate on the ticker of the Democratic Party. This was the first election in which all candidates were nominated by national conventions. Second Administration   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reassured by his heavy election majority in 1832, Jackson indicated early in his second term that the Bank of the United States would no longer be a depository for public funds and ordered them deposited instead in certain state banks called pet banks by Jackson’s enemies. This act eventually destroyed the Bank of the United States, but it also contributed to a financial panic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1835, for the first time in the history of the nation, the national debt was paid off. The government had a surplus of $37,000,000, much of it deposited in the â€Å"pet† banks. The following year Congress voted to divide the federal surplus among the states. The â€Å"pet† banks faced a crisis when the government began to withdraw its funds, leading to the financial and commercial panic of 1837, which occurred after Jackson had left office. Another cause of this panic was Jackson’s Specie Circular of 1836, which ordered that payment for government land be made in gold or silver rather than in paper money. This act was intended to curb land speculation but hurt the Western banks. In foreign relations, Jackson faced few major problems. Relations with Great Britain went smoothly. A long- standing claim against France for damages to American shipping during the Napoleonic Wars caused a crisis in 1835-36 but was settled favorably. Texas won independence from Mexico in 1836, but the United States was not yet involved in its affairs, although Jackson recognized its independence on his last day of office. III. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jackson was a few days short of 70 years of age when he left office-the oldest President until Dwight D. Eisenhower. He was more popular when he retired than when he took office as President. Although in ill health, he remained active in party affairs. An opposition party-the Whigshad been formed during his Presidency, and from that point on the two- party system remained in effect. Jackson died on June 8, 1845. References: Latner, R. B. The Presidency of Andrew Jackson (University of Georgia, 1979). Remini, R.V. Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire, 1767-1821(Harper Row, 1977). Remini, R.V. Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Democracy, 1833- 1845(Harper Row, 1984). Sabin, Louis. Andrew Jackson: Frontier Patriot (Troll, 1985). Schlesinger, A. M. The Age of Jackson (Little, Brown, 1945).

The Great Depression: Causes and Effects

The Great Depression: Causes and Effects It has been observed that the modern world has never experienced an economic crisis as severe as the `Great Depression. The term was first coined in the United States to describe the economic collapse that, by 1931, had shattered the US economy and Americans faith in the future. Europe and the rest of the world were also badly hit, and while they first called the crisis `a slump, in time the label `Great Depression was adopted on both sides of the Atlantic to describe this unprecedented global economic crisis.[1] The ramifications of the 1890’s depression were circumscribed by comparison with the Great Depression. In the 1930’s, national economies were sorely tested and shaken to their foundations. Economic and social statistics unequivocally attest to the chronic condition of national economies in industrialised nations during the period of 1929-1939. McGovern presents the figures, which characterise 1933 in the USA.[2] The most serious failure in terms of its human consequences was, of course, unemployment. According to official figures, this peaked in 1933 at 12.8 million or 25% of the workforce, figures that barely changed in 1934 after one year of the Roosevelt administration when 11.3 million were jobless, still nearly 22% of available workers. 11 Expert advisors to the government calculated even higher numbers for 1933, with monthly unemployment averaging 13.1 million. March 1933 was the nadir for the entire 1930s, with 15 million, nearly 30%, out of work. Since unemployed workers usually had families exclusively dependent on them, between 40 and 50 million Americans were without regular job income during the most severe period of the Depression. Another large number of workers with dependents, (larger even than the number unemployed), were forced to work with reduced income as part-time workers. Furthermore, the period of 1932-1933 is universally described as a dire state for nations and entities such as USA, Europe and Australia, indeed a period popularly referred to as the ‘nadir’ of the depression. Regardless of which barometers of economic strength are consulted, there is a prevailing sense of economic and social malaise, throughout the industrialised world, in these particular years. Powell notes[3] during the 1930s, the Great Depression was widely blamed on stock market speculation, reckless banking practices, and a concentration of wealth in too few hands. The New Deal laws were drafted accordingly. Subsequent investigations, however, have convinced most economists that the Depression had little to do with any of those things. The most influential single work is A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960, published in 1963 by Milton Friedman and Anna Jacobson Schwartz, which documented the catastrophic one-third contraction of the money supply between 1929 and 1933. Princeton University economist Paul Krugman remarks that, Nowadays, practically the whole spectrum of economists, from Milton Friedman leftward, agrees that the Great Depression was brought on by a collapse of effective demand, and that the Federal Reserve should have fought the slump with large injections of money. Smiley contends that adopting the gold standard was a primary cause for the depression, inducing differential inflation rates among the Allies, which in turn doomed those economies to the self-inflicted injuries of deflation. Fear of inflation at the Fed plus the failure to protect the financial sector did considerable damage. Clavin explains the USA’s role in bringing Europe to the brink, in the early 1930’s.[4] Europe as a whole received some $7.8 billion between 1924 and 1930. But when these American loans dried up, as they did dramatically after 1929, Clavin asserts that problems in European economy resurfaced with a vengeance. Within the USA, up to 1933, according to Reed, [5] production at the nation’s factories, mines, and utilities fell by more than half. People’s real disposable incomes dropped 28 percent. Stock prices collapsed to one-tenth of their pre-crash height. The number of unemployed Americans rose from 1.6 million in 1929 to 12.8 million in 1933. One of every four workers was out of a job at the Depression’s nadir, and ugly rumours of  revolt simmered for the first time since the Civil War. The critical question involves being definitive about the attributable causes of the severe economic pervasive conditions and their consequent social ramifications globally. It is problematic to determine causality and which antecedents have the dubious credit of creating the severity of 1932-1933. A range of social and economic factors is cited selectively by proponents of polarised political positions. Particular economic paradigms are entertained, so that the mistakes of the Great Depression, as the theorist interprets them; may be used as a precedent to lend intellectual support to a particular approach to economic theory, providing ‘a correct approach’ to present day and future economic challenges. In simple terms, two broad approaches to economic function, include classical economics, which examines macroeconomic effects of money supply and the supply of gold which backed many currencies before the Great Depression, including production and consumption. Conversely, structural theories, including those of institutional economics, point to under consumption and over investment (economic bubble), malfeasance by bankers and industrialists or incompetence by government officials.[6] These two broad interpretive frameworks, within which the Great Depression is understood, have stifled insight into the genuine causes of the depression as a whole as well as the reasons underpinning the severity of 1932-1933 in particular. Entrenched and formulaic economic explanations, are often little more than efforts to politicise the depression, in order to reinforce the mantra of left or right wing political philosophies. This practice can be well illustrated, through the writings of economists such as Paul Ormerod, chairman of an organisation known as Post-Orthodox Economics. Ormerod contends, that, â€Å" the left tends to see the current crisis as a failure of markets. Whether the call is for more or, in Third Way style, better regulation, the argument is the same: the unrestricted workings of markets are causing problems, so governments must step in to show that they can run them better. But all this misses the most important point. The Great Depression of the 1930s was not primarily a failure of markets but a failure of government. The Federal Reserve slashed the money supply at a time when it should have expanded it. This is the lesson to be learnt. Forget fears of inflation. Expand the money supply to cut off the risk of a second great recession. [7] Ormerod’s position finds support from the Mackinac Centre for Public Policy: Myths of the Great Depression, by free market economist and historian Lawrence W. Reed. Reed states in a nonchalant manner that the mythical explanation of the depression is, â€Å"An important pillar of capitalism, the stock market, crashed and dragged America into depression. President Herbert Hoover, an advocate of â€Å"hands-off,† or laissez-faire, economic policy, refused to use the power of government to intervene in the economy and conditions worsened as a result. It was up to Hoover’s successor, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, to ride in on the white horse of government intervention and steer the nation toward recovery.[8] Unabashed, Reed continues to emphatically advocate governmental responsibility for the onset or deterioration of the Great Depression within USA, and one could safely assume, Reed would apply his free marketeering philosophy, to equally account for the severity of the depression in other democratic nations in the 1930’s. Reed asserts [9] in â€Å"1929, the wild manipulation of the currency by the Federal Reserve shows that government, far from a disinterested bystander, was the principal culprit of the stock market crash.† Furthermore, he attributes blame to politically strategic blunders throughout the 1920’s within the USA. â€Å"The genesis of the Great Depression lay in the inflationary monetary policies of the U. S. government in the 1920s. It was prolonged and exacerbated by a litany of political missteps: trade-crushing tariffs, incentive-sapping taxes, mind-numbing controls on production and competition, senseless destruction of crops and cattle, and coe rcive labour laws, to recount just a few. It was not the free market which produced 12 years of agony; rather, it was political bungling on a scale as grand as there ever was.[10] Within the United Kingdom, renowned writer George Orwell provides a poignant anecdote in his 1936 book ‘Road to Wigan Pier’, indicating the severity of the Great Depression for unemployed men and women in northern England. : Several hundred men risk their lives and several hundred women scrabble in the mud for hours searching eagerly for tiny chips of coal in slagheaps so they could heat their homes. For them, this arduously-gained free coal was more important almost than food.[11] Indeed, according to Rothermund, in Britain, there existed a â€Å"conflict of interests among three major groups: the City of London as the centre of world finance, British industry, and labour. The City had reached its aim of returning to the gold standard which enabled it to transact international business along the lines of prewar times. The return to the gold standard at the prewar parity in 1925 had been a mistake, as it forced the City to adopt a deflationary course so as to support the overvalued pound. This affected British industry both with regard to its export position and its access to credit.[12] Rothermund again contends, â€Å"While the deflationary policy of the Bank of England had already made matters worse, when the bank had to raise its discount rate at a time of intense American speculation, the tension increased.† According to Clavin,[13] between 1924 and 1929 over 40 countries returned to gold or joined the system for the first time. This was done in the belief it would stabilise product price and promote international trade. Nonetheless, by the early 1930’s many countries began to abandon the gold standard Rothermund notes, â€Å"Keynes had written to Macdonald in August 1931, advising him that the game was up and that Great Britain should abandon the gold standard and head a new sterling bloc.†[14] The severity of the Great Depression, can also have regard to the societal regression it promoted.[15] Export and credit failure, meant nations adopted protectionist mindsets, helping to spawn totalitarian regimes in Europe from the mid 1930’s. Claven contends that loss of US credit, determined that countries had to raise interest rates, thus making it more difficult for businesses and farms to borrow money at precisely the time they needed to do so to combat depression. Governments, too, began to feel the squeeze as their levels of revenue from taxes fell dramatically just when they needed to spend more money on unemployment benefit and public work schemes to mop up unemployment and to kick-start recovery. Across Europe, parliaments like Britain and Germany in the summer of 1931 became deadlocked over the issue of government spending. As confidence dropped, governments, companies and individuals cut back on spending. Demand for industrial and agricultural products dried up, and this caused prices to fall still further. By the end of 1930 the price of wheat sold on the Liverpool exchange had fallen by 50 per cent and the price of meat by 40 per cent. Desperate to protect their own markets from the threat of cheap foreign imports being dumped on them, levels of trade protection began to rise dramatically. By 1932 France had introduced strict quotas on over 3,000 different products entering France, and German tariffs rose by 50 per cent after 1929. Most startling was Britains retreat into protection in the autumn of 1931, ending a commitment to the ethos of Free Trade that had lasted 85 years. The world was now divided into competing economic blocs. Countries which depended heavily on the export of agricultural produce were especially hard hit because agricultural prices fell more dramatically than those of industrial goods. A Polish farmer who paid 100 kg of rye to buy a new plough in 1928, now found that the same plough cost 270 kg. By the summer of 1931, the European economy began to crack under the strain of the continued fall in prices, the lack of demand and spiralling levels of unemployment. Economic, political and financial pressures combined to produce a financial crisis that swept across Europe like a flash flood. In countries, like Austria and Germany, where the banks had a particularly close relationship with industry, the collapse of private companies forced banks, too, to shut up shop. With some of Europes most prestigious banking houses facing ruin, the German and Austrian governments were forced to become directly involved in managing the financial system. They also introduced exchange controls to stop the further export of gold or foreign currency from German or Austrian banks to banks in Switzerland or Britain. McGovern contends that the great fear among consumers, induced by the failure of the stock market and over 5,000 commercial banks between 1929 and 1932, prompted cutbacks in their spending. This, in turn, led to contractions in capital goods industries (especially steel and their suppliers), in construction, mining, and transportation—hence, to broad layouts of workers. The downward curve then accelerated, with unemployment leading to further cutbacks in consumption and consequently also production. [16] Finally, it is worth pointing out that since the effects of the depression were challenging within some parts of Britain and devastating in others, it is clear that its impact was not uniform, but reactive to particular social, political and economic circumstances. Areas heavily dependent upon the shipping industry, such as Newcastle –Upon- Tyne, were decimated by the events. The later Jarrow Street March in 1936, saw the frustration spill over into public, unified action, on behalf of ship workers and miners, who marched from the North- East of England to Parliament to lobby for change. Bibliography Books Rothermund, D. The Global Impact of the Great Depression, 1929-1939, London, Routledge, 1996. Claven, P. The Great Depression in Europe, 1929-1939 in History Review, History Today Ltd 2000 McGovern, J. And a Time for Hope: Americans in the Great Depression, Praeger, 2000 Orwell, G. Road to Wigan Pier, Left Book Club, London, 1937, Smiley, G. Rethinking the Great Depression: A New View of its Causes and Consequences, Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2002 Articles Ormerod, P New Statesman, Vol. 127, October 9, 1998 J. Powell, Did the New Deal Actually Prolong the Great Depression? The American Enterprise, Vol. 13, March 2002 Websites http://eldoradogold.net/pdf/October%202005/GreatDepression.pdf Mackinac Center for Public Policy: Myths of the Great Depression. 2000 accessed 23 March 2007 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom accessed 23 March 2007 1 Footnotes [1] P. Claven, The Great Depression in Europe, 1929-1939 in History Review, History Today Ltd 2000, p. 30 [2] Ibid p.4 [3] J. Powell, Did the New Deal Actually Prolong the Great Depression? The American Enterprise, Vol. 13, March 2002 [4] P Claven The Great Depression in Europe, 1929-1939 in History Review, History Today Ltd 2000, p. 31 [5] L.W. Reed. Myths of the Great Depression, at http://eldoradogold.net/pdf/October%202005/GreatDepression.pdf, Mackinac Centre for Public Policy, 2000 [6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom [7] P. Ormerod; New Statesman, Vol. 127, October 9, 1998, p.1 [8] L.W. Reed. Myths of the Great Depression, at http://eldoradogold.net/pdf/October%202005/GreatDepression.pdf, Mackinac Centre for Public Policy, 2000 [9] Ibid p.6 [10] Ibid p 16 [11] G. Orwell, Road to Wigan Pier, 1937, Left Book Club [13] P. Claven, The Great Depression in Europe, 1929-1939 in History Review, History Today Ltd 2000, p. 30 [15] P Claven The Great Depression in Europe, 1929-1939 in History Review, History Today Ltd 2000, p. 30 [16] J. McGovern, And a Time for Hope: Americans in the Great Depression , Praeger, 2000